Lombroso’s Biological Theory of Crime Essay - 617 Words

Lombroso’s biological theory of crime: The most vivid example of the biological determinism is the theory of Cesare Lombroso. Lombroso based his theory on the assumption that criminals have certain physiognomic features or abnormalities. Lombroso wanted to be able to detect future criminals in order to isolate them from the society. This gave criminology a strong push to create new methods of dealing with criminals and prevent crimes. Lombroso implied that prisoners had common facial characteristics. If to exaggerate criminals in Lombroso’s theory can be identified through the shape of their skulls, asymmetry of the face and head, large cheekbones, ears and lips, long arms and a twisted nose. Lombroso’s theory is the oldest one and it†¦show more content†¦Lombroso considered this â€Å"born criminals† to be the â€Å"atavisms† of the society. All the biological theories are based on the notion that biological markers foreordain criminal behavior. The core of all these theories is that genetic factors or any abnormalities which are inherited or acquired throughout the life, predispose individuals to the criminal behavior. Lombroso’s theory gave life to probably almost every single biological theory that appeared afterward. Among the biological theories the XYY syndrome occupies a special place, as it analyzes why males are more often subjects to become criminals due to the presence if an extra Y chromosome. As this syndrome is in the first place associated with the low IQ-level of such males which seems to be a much better explanation. IQ shortage causes the inability to adjust in the contemporary social world that requires constant activity and flexibility. People facing these difficulties are left with no other choice that to turn to criminality. It all starts with low performance at school which results in the awareness of the â€Å"irretrievable dissimilitude† from others which later on results in deviance. Also such diseases as Organic Brain Syndrome, ADD or hormonal changes according to the biological theories play a very important role in the inclination to any criminal activities. Later in his career Lombroso modifiedShow MoreRelatedThe Biological and Sociological Explanations of Crime1303 Words   |  5 Pagescompare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of both the biological and sociological explanations of crime. Firstly, I will give a brief overview of what both the biological and sociological explanations of crime mean. I will then create a paragraph that explains the strengths and weaknesses of the theories within the biological explanation of crime; such as Lombroso’s ‘Criminal Man theory’ and Sheldon’s ‘body type’ theory Chromosome’ theory as they are relatively controversial topics within CriminologyRead MoreA Study Of Crime Fell Into The Domain Of Metaphysicians, Penologists And Moralists1478 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion 1: Before the mid-1800’s the study of crime fell into the domain of metaphysicians, penologists, and moralists and it was not until Cesare Lombroso that the study of crime was turned into a biological science (Rafter, 2006). Lombroso’s main focus for the biological school of thought was that criminals do have physical characteristics that are well defined and are distinct when compared to people who abide by the law. In fact, Lombroso believed that born criminals had the physical,Read MoreIs Criminal Behaviour Inherited or Learned?1429 Words   |  6 Pages physical abuse or neglect. Nurture defines biological features which could inevitability lead to a individuals deviant or criminal behaviour, because criminality is believed by biological positivist to be inherited from a persons parents. However, I believe that criminal behaviour is a mixture of characteristics that lead to deviant acts such as psychological illness Environmental factors. Therefore, this essay will aim to analyse both biological positivist and psychological positivist perspectivesRead MoreDeterminism : An Unfortunate Part Of Criminology s History1134 Words   |  5 Pagesthought have been created; all attempting to explain why people commit crimes, how to identify criminals, and how we should react to these criminals. These early theories were predominantly deterministic, meaning they all believed there was some trait that can differentiate criminals and non-criminals. Determinism is an important part of the history of criminology and has had a large impact on modern criminology; but these theories are inherently problematic and have some very unfortunate implicationsRead MorePositivist Criminology And The German School Of Three Scholars : Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri And Raffaele Garofalo Essay1235 Words   |  5 PagesPositivist criminology represents the first systematic and scientific study of crime (Bradley Walters, 2011), and this emergence of positivist crimin ology is associated with the Italian School of three scholars: Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri and Raffaele Garofalo (Bradley Walters, 2011). Positivist criminology radically proposed that crime was a non-rational product of under socialisation and could be studied, via clinical and statistical methods, in the same way scientists studied the naturalRead More Deviant Behavior Essay2079 Words   |  9 Pagestypes of theories will be discussed about how and why people are deviant. Four of these theories support the idea of deviance being biological and three support the idea of it being caused by your social construction. Also the essay will talk about the differences between the theories and a similarity amongst them as they don’t often agree. There are two main views that people see as to how a person becomes deviant; biologically or from a person’s social construction. The biological explanationRead MoreThe Biological Theories Of Crime Essay1218 Words   |  5 PagesBiological theories of crime attempt to explain behaviors through examination of individual characteristics. Cesare Lombroso was one of the founding fathers of the biological theory of criminology, stating that criminals are biologically different from non-criminals. The biological perspective explained that crime was a characteristic of human nature. Through Lombroso’s research observing physical characteristics in Italian prisoners and soldiers, he concluded that criminals were physically differentRead MoreExploring the Biological and Psychological Characteristics of Criminals2113 Words   |  9 Pages The purpose of this assignment is to examine the biological and psychological explanations of crime. It will primarily focus on Cesare Lomb roso’s theory in that he believed that criminals could be determined and identified by their physical appearance and attributes. It will cover Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation and how childhood violence and trauma can affect a person’s behaviour and personality. It will further explain the strengths and weaknesses and how criminals are perceived inRead MoreThe Causes Of Deviant Behavior, Psychological Approach And Sociological Approach1676 Words   |  7 Pages there are many different theories to explain the causes of deviant behaviour, including biological approach, psychological approach and sociological approach. This essay will be using two criminological perspectives which are the biological and sociological explanations to analyse the causes of crime in depth, and evaluate the two perspectives and the related criminological evidence. Sociology encompasses a very wide range of theoretical perspectives, especially crime and deviance, in which sociologicalRead MoreThe Theory Of Body Types, And The Y Chromosome Theory1194 Words   |  5 Pagesto Sociology March 26, 2016 Deviance Many different theories exist regarding deviance. Biological, psychological, and sociological perspectives have applied their different thought processes to produce many theories. Some of these ideas have been discredited, however some remain significant today. Sociological theories differ from biological and psychological theories by looking at external factors rather than internal ones. Biological theories on deviance are the result of looking for answers that

Entrepreneurial Business Plan Learning Disability Service Free Essays

Introduction There are those who seek out opportunities from the very situations where others fear chaos or are lost in confusion. These individuals often act as catalysts to bring about a change that reshapes a market place. They are thought of as Olympic athletes who constantly challenge themselves to surpass barriers, or long distance runners who are undeterred in bearing the agony of running miles, or symphony orchestra conductors who are experts in balancing the skills and sounds of people and instruments respectively in a cohesive unit, or top-gun pilots who endlessly challenge the limits of speeds and daring. We will write a custom essay sample on Entrepreneurial Business Plan: Learning Disability Service or any similar topic only for you Order Now From a psychological perspective, these individuals are driven by their quest to achieve or obtain something. They experiment and take risks to accomplish something and often resent authorities of others over them. To economists, these individuals gather resources, people, materials, information and other assets to create a value greater than before. The academia has come to recognize them as ‘entrepreneurs’ and their entrepreneurial activities as ‘entrepreneurship’. Entrepreneurs are important segment of any economy as they often spearhead innovations; many of which turn out to be seedlings of future large corporations. Keeping the importance of entrepreneurship in view, this essay focuses on deliberating an entrepreneurial proposal, with an aim to realize the rigors of formulating a business plan from an idea that creates value in general. Entrepreneurship According to Hisrich (2001) â€Å"Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something new with value by devoting the necessary time and effort, assuming the accompanying financial, psychic and social risks, and receiving the resulting rewards of monetary, personal satisfaction and independence.† Nafziger (1997 and 2006) states that entrepreneurship is comprised of basic features; coordination of production factors such as land, labor, and capital, decision making under uncertain conditions innovation and creative solutions to problems and fulfillment of a market gap with an input completer. The entrepreneurial business plan proposed in this essay will try to adhere to these definitions and incorporate the aforementioned features. Business Plan The business plan is to create an online service for people with learning disabilities. This plan is both entrepreneurial and socially driven and therefore it can be termed as social entrepreneurship. The distinction between business entrepreneurs and social entrepreneurs is that the latter are driven by a social mission while the former is more focused towards wealth generation (Dees and Emerson, 2001). The online service titled as â€Å"LDS†, will allow users to find out what’s going on in their communities, and provide information for the nearest and cheapest available social care support options for them to seek. LDS service would be designed like the â€Å"ebay of social care for people with learning disabilities,† It will assist care providers in knowing what services support and funds they are entitled to. Moreover, it will help care providers in planning their budget for a personalized social care support. It will also allow socialization among users in terms of forming communities, organizing events and activities and share information; all with an overall social care agenda. Business Model The prevailing business environment is manifested by rapid innovation and diffusion of new internet based information technologies (Bruin and Dupuis, 2003). These technologies create many new windows of entrepreneurial opportunities. The pervasiveness of the internet, which is a â€Å"communication medium that allows, for the first time, the communication of many to many, in a chosen time on a global scale†(Castells, 2001, p.2 in Bruin and Dupuis, 2003), presents new ways of working and entrepreneurial opportunities. The LDS is another such entrepreneurial endeavor made possible by the internet based information and communication technologies. It is a complete e-business initiative. As a social and commercial enterprise, LDS will operate as a commercial entity. It will generate its revenue from the advertisement fees charged to the service providers, individual carers, and product stores who are likely to post their products and services over LDS. It will also generate revenue from a small one time registration fee charged to the users. LDS will operate partly on a wiki principle. A wiki is a website which is partly user generated i.e. its users are allowed to create and manipulate its content via web browser. Wikis are usually run by wiki software and are typically operated collaboratively by several users. Through its wiki principle, the LDS website will allow users to provide their input; making this service a knowledge sharing portal dedicated towards caring people with learning disabilities. Moreover, it will serve as a portal for users to organize communities of users and clients. In order to monitor the activities of users to maintain focus and direction of the website, level of access will be enforced upon users. The LDS will be created as an eMarketplace which would help people take charge of their own support. LDS will provide products and services for the social care sector through four interrelated modules. These modules are designed keeping the needs of the different users in mind. They are; Individuals Service Providers Budget Managers and Community Macro Anslysis More than 1.5 million people in the United Kingdom have a learning disability making it one of the most common forms of disability in the UK. Learning disabilities the most overlooked and least understood disabilities. Thus there is a dire need to spread awareness regarding learning disabilities and its support (LDC, 2012). In 2004, the government of UK established the commission for social care inspection (CSCI) which has been publishing reports on the state of social care England annually since 2005. According to the data of 2006-07, the councils in UK had spent ?14.24 billion on social services. This is the gross amount spent on social services. As much as 60% of this amount was used in financing services for older people whereas people with learning disabilities received the second largest share which is 22% of total spending amounting to ?3.12billion (LDC, 2012). The coalition government in UK government brought a major policy shift by reducing social spending in national budgets. The Emergency Budget in June 2010 enforced a reduction worth ?6.2 billion, including cuts in money given to Local Governments by ?1.165 billion. The Emergency Budget also initiated other big changes to the welfare system and Disability Living Allowance. For instance, it was followed by the Comprehensive Spending Review and the settlement for local councils. The Comprehensive Spending Review recognized the persistent underfunding of social care, which resulted in an influx of extra ?2 billion per year for social care services by promised by the government. However, this amount is not enough to cater the increase in the numbers of people requiring support (LDC, 2012). In response to the aforementioned changes, Learning Disability Coalition, an independent organization, got engaged in supporting people with different learning disabilities. It carried out a survey of local authorities to assess the effects of changes introduced through the ‘Emergency Budget’ and ‘Comprehensive Spending Review’. A similar survey of over 350 disabled people, their families and care providers was carried out to ask them how the policy changes had affected them. It concluded that 90% of local authorities had less funding than before and 84% termed their funding conditions as â€Å"difficult†. Out of these, 20% were planning to cut services. As for the individuals with learning disabilities, 20% complained about a reduction in hours of care provided while 19% were faced with reduction support fund. About one third of the disabled people and their care providers had been contacted by their respective councils regarding a change to eligibil ity criteria (LDC, 2012). Considering the issues discussed above, it is viewed that LDS will provide an innovative solution to all these stakeholders in utilizing their resources more effectively; thus creating a value for the society and an opportunity for the business person. Stakeholders The LDS is an open marketplace that can be accessed and used by anyone. It can be: Individuals, They comprise of people having learning physical or other mental disabilities, as well as older people. Local Authorities, They can range from urban metropolitan authorities to County Councils, all having different structures and strategies, and being at different stages in their move towards personalisation. Service providers, They can include national providers, smaller regional providers and local micro-providers. Broker Organizations, and Voluntary Sector Organisations. It is vital to understand that these stakeholders vary in their interests and requirements; therefore an all-around approach will be adopted in order to successfully position LDS, which would help in engaging with each of these target audiences. LDS will engage Local Authorities on a regional basis through the ‘Joint Improvement Partnerships’ (JIPs) as well as ‘Regional Improvement and Efficiency Partnerships’ (RIEPs). Direct engagement will also be targeted. LDS will engage service providers mainly through Local Authorities, which will be effective in utilizing their existing networks and relationships. Proactive service providers would be sought directly. Market Position LDS will serve as a platform for numerous service and products related to social care. They could be offered by any stores and service providers – all gathered in one marketplace. The attraction of LDS to its customers is that it will meet the requirements of each individual customer group i.e. individuals, local authorities, service providers and broker organizations through its multi-facet software system, whilst providing them with a common platform to collaborate in providing/seeking social services. The LDS will be positioned within the social care industry to provide some of the following services leading to various benefits to its stakeholders: ServicesBenifits IndividualsAccess to a best value, high quality marketplace; Ordering and payment process for services; Tool to manage personalized budget. Tool to enable employment of personal assistants.Easy setup and planning of budgets; Reduced administration costs; Access to best value catalogues; Easy reporting to funding bodies. Local AuthoritiesLow cost marketing channel for service providers; Ability to setup an online retail store catalogue; Automated purchase to pay process;Low cost sales marketing channel; Easy management of online store; Automated billing process; Budget ManagersTool for brokers and/or LAs to setup and manage personal budgets; Tool for LAs to review and audit support plans and outcomes Management of budgets and support plans for many clients; Administration of clients orders and invoices; Reporting on funding, spend and outcomes. Easy integration reporting with existing systems.Macro / micro manage details of multiple clients; Reduced personal budget administration costs for individual and LA; Automated financial processes; Report on funding, spend outcomes. Fewer administrative review visits required. More time available for value added activities. CommunityUser friendly information tool for individuals; Content rich marketing channel for providers (beyond being a list); Easy administration of catalogue for LA; Reporting on utilisation and trends. Efficient effective way to find services events which form part of support plan; Free marketing for providers Low cost admin and maintenance for LA; Useful information for LA as a market manager. Marketing Mix In order to promote LDS and widen its clientele, collaborative relationships will be established with Social Care service providers. Some of the organizations that LDS will be looking forward to collaborate with include; Association for Real Change (ARC) BILD (British Institute of Learning Disabilities) Downs Syndrome Association Foundation for People with Learning Disabilities Mencap National Autistic Society National Family Carer Network People First Real Life Options Sense The Hesley Group The National Forum for People with Learning Difficulties Turning Point United Response Voyage Furthermore, LDS will create a promotional calendar to engage with individual and general population. LDS will also carry out promotion activities at relevant national and regional events. Moreover, LDS will make various other marketing materials which would be made readily available to reinforce the brand. These materials will include: electronic newsletters, standardized fliers, presentations, mugs, and key-rings etc. LDS will also try to get media coverage and contribute in several national publications. Monitoring and Evaluation YearObjectives Year 1Launch initial pilot program for users Continued marketing By the third quarter of the first year, launch a complete version of the program Bring along atleat 100 different service providers Engagement with at least 5 Local Authorities Launch a whole scale application that could be run on a Partner’s website Year 2Engagement with at least 10 Local Authorities Achieve target for ?50m spend by service users over LDS by the end of second year Year 3Engagement with at least 15 Local Authorities Achieve target for ?200m spend by service users over LDS by the end of second year Expansion to overseas market References Bruin, A. and Dupuis, A (2003). Entrepreneurship: New Perspectives in a Global Age. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Dees, J. G., Emerson, J. Economy, P. (2001) Enterprising Non-profits: A Toolkit for Social Entrepreneurs. New York: Wiley Sons, Inc. Hisrich, R.D (2011) Entrepreneurship. Tata McGraw-Hill Education LDC, (2012) Learning Disability Coalition. {online} www.learningdisabilitycoalition.org.uk Nafziger, E. Wayne (1997), The Economics of Developing Countries, Third Edition, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey Nafziger, E. Wayne (2006), Economic Development, 4th edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge How to cite Entrepreneurial Business Plan: Learning Disability Service, Essay examples

Lies and the Importance of the Use of Language free essay sample

Lies by John Crawford was written in 2005 and is a short story which is part of a larger book titled The Last True Story I’ll Ever Tell: An Accidental Soldiers Account of the War in Iraq. Crawford penned the book after his own deployment to Iraq with his Florida National Guard Unit in 2003 during the early stages of the Iraqi war. Crawford was born in Palatka, Florida and comes from a long line of military men. He likens himself to Lieutenant Dan in the movie Forrest Gump. He stated in an interview with the Tallahassee Democrat, â€Å"I think theres been a Crawford fighting in every major war America has ever been involved in, he said. Im sort of like the character Lt. Dan in Forrest Gump whose grandfathers and great-grandfathers kept getting shot in wars (Hinson, 2005). When asked about his deployment Crawford stated, I was planning to enroll in a masters program at FSU; instead I took a vacation to Iraq (Hinson, 2005). He further describes his experiences during the war and states that they gave him a new level of accountability (Who is Log, n. d. ). † Crawford began writing his book while he was deployed in Iraq and when his fellow soldiers learned of his writings asked each wondered if he was writing a â€Å"super liberal book† about the war (Hinson, 2005). D. G. Rosenthal, one of the soldiers who served with Crawford read the book and wrote a review which he posted on amazon which states, â€Å"His book tells it exactly like it was, with no holds barred. It covers everything from our supply inadequacies, to command mismanagements, to the reality of the war that the media never took the time to cover. Crawford is a natural author, an expert at weaving an engaging story that grips the reader firmly and swiftly (Hinson, 2005). Crawford ensured throughout his writing that his writing was genuine and raw. Military members have a language all their own and it is difficult for civilians to break into and understand the dialects. In Crawford’s stories you can tell through the use of his language exactly what he was feeling without having to assume or postulate. His explanations and descriptions were vivid enough that you thought you were sitting next to him on the rooftop. His tone was casual and was able to bring you into the conversation he was having without him trying. Overall his use of language engaged the reader and allowed for a more personable experience. Crawford chose to write in a casual tone throughout Lies which follows the conversation between two American soldiers in Iraq stationed on a rooftop (581-4). The conversation is about the return of one of the soldier’s from leave and the other soldier wishing he could go. During the conversation each of the soldiers talks about returning home in different ways, one wishing he could go, the other wishing he didn’t go back because nothing was the same. The casual tone and language used was real and straight to the point and it allows the reader to feel as if they are listening to the conversation as if they are on the rooftop with the soldiers. According to the Perdue Online Writing Lab when writing it is vital to select a type of language that fits the readers that you are trying to influence and fits your purpose for the writing. Additionally, the use of unsuitable prose can ruin your reliability, push your readers away, and weaken your argument (2014). Crawford uses curse words liberally, writes in everyday language, and ensures that the conversations were as real as they were when he was in the military himself. His use of this type of language strengthens his position and brings his readers closer to his story. New York Times writer Janet Maslin wrote the following about Crawford’s writing style when his book was first published: â€Å"Glimmering or otherwise, Mr. Crawford has sifted through his memories with an eye toward resonant anecdotes and literary flourishes (2005). † During the particular scene on the rooftop the vulgar prose used between the soldiers allows the reader to see the anger that Crawford was feeling during his deployment and allows a window inside the normally closed off life of a soldier. Diana Black states that Crawford’s â€Å"bluntly eloquent memoir immerses us in the cynicism and the day-to-day vulgarity of infantrymen† and â€Å"does not politely spare our sensibilities or protect our naivete (2008). † Crawford’s use of language engages the reader and allows the reader to engage in the conversation without feeling like they are imposing on an intimate conversation. Where soldiers are normally closed off and inaccessible Crawford uses language to open them up and make them reachable to the reader. He uses language as an open window into emotions and feelings which are normally closed off to the outside. Through this language you can see the anger, fear, hurt, and vulnerability that you would normally not be privy to. This was best seen in the last bit of conversation between Sellers and Crawford on the rooftop. Sellers asks how Crawford’s wife is and Crawford responds, â€Å"Yeah, she’s great. † I put out my cigarette and lit another one, sucking in a deep breath of poison, holding it, then letting it go, I couldn’t and wouldn’t tell him what was really going on. None of us talked about stuff like that. And as Baghdad slept beneath me, I tried to believe my own lies (584). † In the immensely private world of a soldier, Crawford’s simple use of language allows the reader in and shows them the hurt and anger he is feeling without having to come right out and tell them exactly what is going on. During part of his conversation on the rooftop he writes, â€Å"the two of us had spent way too many nights like this one, and I had started to feel like I knew Kim about as well as I knew my own wife – as well as anyone knows anyone, I guess. The despondency was more troubling because I knew exactly what he was going through. We didn’t talk about it directly, no one did, but everyone was aware of each other’s business (582). † He was able to engage the reader without overreaching and without trying. It is simplicity used ingeniously. The tranquil tone used to describe a tense situation shows Crawford’s ambivalence to the situation he is in. Crawford believes the â€Å"current situation is a mess but says the U. S. has to finish what it started (Hinson, 2005). † His simple conversational style lures you into his story effortlessly and tactfully. Crawford was able to reach his readers through his use of casual tones and realistic language use. He writes like he is speaking directly to a comrade who is sitting in front of him. This type of language allows him to connect with his audience on a more personal level and convey his story in a manner that sounds like he is speaking amongst friends. Crawford’s use of different types of proses gives him the ability reach different types of audiences while still being credible to all of them. With there being so many stories about wars and the effects of war on the soldiers Crawford has a unique ability to connect with readers and tell his story on a personal level without being standoffish. His particular writing style, which combines casual tones with realistic language, gives his readers an overall personable engaging experience. While many war stories are written in a language that makes it hard for people who have not served in the military to understand but Crawford has the ability to make it much easier for laymen to understand and enjoy the stories of wartime chaos. While the use of language, in general, has a way of captivating readers and allowing them insight into the point of view of another person it also offers personal understanding of other’s situations and ideas.