Neologisms

Information about Neologism In linguistics, a neologism is a recently-coined word. It also is the result of the act of inventing a word or phrase. Additionally it can imply the use of old words in a new sense (i. e. , giving new meanings for existing words or phrases). Neologisms are especially useful in identifying new inventions, new phenomena, or old ideas which have taken on a new cultural context. The word â€Å"neologism† was coined around the end of the1800 and was a neologism itself.Neologisms tend to occur more often in cultures which are rapidly changing, and also in situations where there is easy and fast propagation of information. Neologisms are often created by combining existing words or giving words new and unique suffixes or prefixes. Neologisms often enter the language through mass media, the Internet, or through word of mouth – especially, many linguists suspect, by younger people. Virtually every word in a language was, at some time, a neologism, tho ugh many are quite ancient.Neologistic words or phrases themselves are borrowed from the older word, when required, to define the new concepts. Neologistic words or phrases which are combined are often shortened or lengthened. Neologisms can also be created through abbreviation, acronym, by intentionally rhyming with existing words, or simply through playing with sounds. Neologisms often become accepted parts of the language. Other times, however, they disappear from common usage. Whether or not a neologism continues as part of the language depends on many factors, probably the most important of which is acceptance by the public.Acceptance by linguistic experts and incorporation into dictionaries also plays a part, as does whether the phenomenon described by a neologism remains current, thus continuing to need a descriptor. It is unusual, however, for a word to enter common use if it does not resemble another word or words in an identifiable way. (In these cases, strange new words s ucceed because the idea behind them is especially memorable or exciting). When a word or phrase is no longer â€Å"new,† it is no longer a neologism.Neologisms may take decades to become â€Å"old†, though. Opinions differ on exactly how old a word must be to no longer be considered a neologism (to some, cultural acceptance also plays a influencial role than time in this regard; other dissagree, stating the amount of time the word exists in use is the important factor). Versions of Neologism * Stable – â€Å"Old†; Gained some recognizable and likely somewhat lasting foothold (i. e. , mainstreamed). * Diffused – â€Å"Young†; Reached a significant audience, but not mainstreamed. Unstable – â€Å"Newborn†; Proposed or rarely being used but meet an expressive need. Types of Neologism * Scientific – words or phrases created to describe new scientific discoveries. * Technological – words or phrases created to describe inventions. * Political – words or phrases created to make some kind of political or rhetorical point, perhaps with an eye to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis * Pop-culture – words or phrases evolved from mass media content or used to describe popular culture phenomenon (which may be considered a sub section of slang). Imported – words or phrases originating in another language. Typically they are used to express ideas that have no equivalent term in the native language. â€Å"Yesterday's neologisms, like yesterday's jargon, are often today's essential vocabulary. † – Academic Instincts, 2001[1] Compare with: portmanteau, euphemism, loanword, buzzword, word coinage, compound noun and adjective, jargon, slang.

choice and chance essays

choice and chance essays In The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet there are many instances in which choice and chance play a key part in what occurs in the play. If these chances were not taken or by chance did not occur maybe Romeo and Juliet would have escaped to Mantua. Although in the end their course was predetermined, it could have been altered in many different sections. To start, Romeo had many choices to make. In turn they all went against him and resulted in his death. But what if he had not married Juliet and still moped for Rosaline? Would Romeo and Juliet be a great literary work, or a dull story about a young man that is not worthy of the paper on which it is printed? Romeo was a good friend to most. Unless, of course, your name is Mercutio. Why did Romeo step in and stop his duel with Tybalt? If he had kept to himself than maybe Mercutio would be banished for killing Tybalt, and not Romeo. Would Romeo and Juliets marriage have ended the long feud then, or would this be to no avail? Juliet made a life or death choice in going to the friar about her ailing soul. If she did not go to see the friar than maybe she would have used the dagger and killed herself that night. Would Romeo have gone to see Juliet at the tomb? Would Romeo have killed Paris then? Or would he run into him on the way to the Capulets Tomb again? Would the Friar have come clean with the two families or would he have kept his little secrets that lead to the deaths of two star-crossed lovers? All of these choices were made and greatly impacted the Chance is the risk we take in judging what we think will be the right decision. Romeo took many chances throughout the play. Such as, when he decided to go to the Capulet ball. If he were discovered he could be killed, or challenged to a duel. By chance, Tybalt heard his voice and alerted Lord Capulet of the intruders. Luckily enough Lord Cap ...

Human Resource Change and Communication and Diversity essay

Human Resource Change and Communication and Diversity essay Human Resource Change and Communication and Diversity essay Human Resource Change and Communication and Diversity essayIn actuality, there are diverse change models that may be applied to the contemporary human resource management. In fact, the change management may involve different approaches and strategies that may either contribute to the success of the change management in a particular organization or provoke the failure of the change in the particular organization. At this point, it is possible to distinguish Lewin’s three steps model and Kotter’s eight steps model. Each model is efficient, if applied properly, although Kotter’s model is more detailed and may be helpful for organizations conducting complex changes. On the other hand, Kotter’s eight steps model is grounded on three main stages of the change, including creating a climate for change, engaging and enabling the organization, and implementing and sustaining the change.In fact, the first stage of the change, according to Kotter, includes three steps . In other words, creating a climate for change includes three steps: increasing urgency, building guiding teams, and getting the vision right (Peters, 2002). The engaging and enabling the organization stage includes three more steps: communication for buy-in, enabling action, and creating short-term wins. Finally, the last stage is the stage of implementing and sustaining the change that includes two steps: keeping the organization and the staff focused on the change and sticking to the change in a long run (Kotter, 1996). Therefore, Kotter’s model implies that the change management includes the preparation of the organization for the change that is followed by the implementation of the change and only after that the organization should retain the change and make it a norm.Lewin’s model undergoes through similar three stages of the change, including unfreezing, changing and refreezing (Thames Webster, 2009). Lewin stands on the ground that any organization has its ow n organizational culture, norms and rules, which are deep-rooted and, as the researcher defines it, frozen. The personnel of the organization take these norms and rules for granted. At the same time, any organization may need changes and this is the moment, when unfreezing is necessary. Unfreezing means the preparation of employees for the change (Peters, 2002). The second stage is the change proper. During this stage, the organization implements the change and makes it run smoothly. Finally, the refreezing the change is the last stage, when the organization ensures that the change has become permanent (Peters, 2002). In such a way, the change is complete and employees of the company perform their functions and take the implemented change for granted.Therefore, the two models of the HR change management are quite different but organizations and managers carrying out the change should make the choice on the ground of organizational needs and resources available to their organization. In such a way, managers should determine whether they will be able to complete the change successfully before the start implementing the change. They should also prepare their subordinates for the introduction of the change to minimize the risk of the resistance of employees to the change.The impact of equality and diversity, legislation on employmentToday, human resource managers should come prepared in the extremely diverse environment. As many organizations operate internationally and the movement of human resources internationally increases, human resource managers has to be able to work in the diverse, multicultural environment, where they have to adapt their management style to the specific organizational culture and environment. As a rule, human resource managers have to elaborate the specific management and communication style to match the specific organizational environment. They should elaborate their management style through the interaction and close communication with h uman resources. In such a way, they will learn which management style is the most effective in the specific organizational environment.At the same time, human resource managers should be very careful to avoid offensive behavioural patterns or inappropriate behaviour in relation to their subordinates. To avoid such negative behaviour patterns, human resource managers should learn the cultural background of their subordinates and elaborate the management style that matches cultural norms and rules of their subordinates. However, in the contemporary business environment, it is not always possible to elaborate the personalized approach to each employee, when the workplace environment is extremely diverse culturally. In such a situation, it is possible to recommend human resource managers to apply universal, humanistic approaches which are culturally neutral and allow them to maintain effective interaction and communication with their subordinates (Thames Webster, 2009). In this regard, equality is one of the main principles that helps human resource managers to prevent conflicts within their organizations and maintain the positive, healthy organizational culture. In such a way, human resource manager can elaborate the effective management style that helps them to maximize the performance of their subordinates and their organization.At the same time, professional knowledge and skills in the field of human resources are not enough for the successful human resource management today. In addition, human resource managers should be proficient in the legislation on employment because the lack of knowledge in this field can cause conflicts within the organization, whereas the violation of rights of employees can cause lawsuits being filed by employees against their employer. In such a situation, the main function of human resource managers is the prevention of such conflicts and the violation of rights of employees to prevent lawsuits and industrial action against their companies. The understanding and effective use of the legislation on employment allows human resource managers to build up their employment relations effectively (Bovee Thill, 2005). At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that human resource managers should also come prepared to confront the pressure from the part of employees and unions, which may be willing to gain some extra employment benefits, if human resource manager is incompetent in the field of the legislation on employment (Hart, 2004). In such a case, manager can agree on some employment benefits to prevent the industrial action from the part of employees and unions. This is why the understanding and effective use of the legislation on employment help human resource managers to save costs, maximize the effectiveness of employer-employee relations, and keeps those relations within the legal framework avoiding excessive employment benefits, which mean extra costs for the employer, and keeping employees’ job satisfaction high enough, if employees feel their rights are respected and their employer conducts fair employment policies.Two models of communicationIn actuality, communication plays an important part in the successful business development and maintenance of the effective human resource management. In this regard, it is possible to distinguish different communication models which are widely applied in contemporary organizations. One of such models is the Berlo’s Sender – Messenger – Channel – Receiver model. The Berlo’s model implies that the information is sent from the sender to the receiver but before the receiver gets the information or the message, the sender chooses the messenger that means that a person has to word in the message and choose the appropriate means of the transition of the message to the receiver (Peters, 2007). In such a way, the sender shapes the message and determines the messenger and, when the message is shaped, then th e sender chooses the channel through which he/she will send the message to the receiver. For instance, the sender of the information can use the verbal communication to send the message to the receiver. Alternatively, the sender can use non-verbal communication, for instance, when the sender gives a sign to the receiver and the receiver interprets the sign properly (Clarke, 2000). In fact, the sender can choose a variety of channels of communication and various forms to shape the message, especially today when the development of information technologies and telecommunication systems has reached the unparalleled level of development.Another model of communication that may be applied effectively to the human resource management is the transactional model of communication. The transactional model of communication involves the close interaction between participants of the communication (Schein, 1999). Unlike many other communication models, the transactional model of communication impli es the interaction between sender and receiver of the information which involves not only sending the message from the sender to the receiver but also the reception of the feedback from the receiver by the sender. In such a way, the sender of the message can trace the response of the receiver to the information sent and, thus, the sender can choose the further strategy of the communication.In case of human resource management both models can be applied successfully. However, managers should be aware of the fact that the effective communication is possible only when the communication is a two-sided process. This means that managers should not just communicate messages to their subordinates. Instead, they should learn to listen and hear what their subordinates respond them or try to communicate in their turn. In such a way, the communication can become effective only if the human resource manager is bale to be not only a sender but also a receiver of the information. In this regard, e ither of the two models mentioned above can be effective, but human resource managers should remember that they should choose the model of communication which matches their personal inclinations, their communication style, experience, knowledge and understanding of their subordinates, the overall organizational environment and many other factors that may affect the effectiveness of the communication. In such a way, the communication model should match the organizational environment, culture and personal traits of character and communication style of participants of the communication process. In such a way, the communication process in human resource management may be effective and successful. Otherwise, communication gaps between human resource managers and their subordinates may emerge.

Ashoka Bindusara Maurya The Great Indian Emperor History Essay

Ashoka Bindusara Maurya The Great Indian Emperor History Essay Ashoka Bindusara Maurya, the great Indian emperor was a ruler during the Maurya dynasty, born in 265 BC to parents Bindusara and Dharma Maurya (Iloveindia.com, 2010). Ashoka’s regime spread across most of India and modern Pakistan and Afghanistan which was due to a number of successful conquests that will be mentioned later. His name is often followed by the title â€Å"the great† mainly due to the fact that he was one of India’s greatest rulers. His regime saw most on India united as one state under a democratic government. His name Ashoka is Sanskrit for â€Å"without sorrow.† According to Iloveindia.com (2010), from a young age, Ashoka was quite a handful; he often got into trouble for beating up his fellow children and being cruel to animals but on the other hand was an extremely clever child who grasped all that he was taught, be it ancient Buddhist teachings or how to hunt for wild animals. By the time he was a teenager, he had his older brotherâ₠¬â„¢s complaining to their parents and this got him sent away to the outskirts of the empire to pose as a general. Here he did things as he pleased, terrorizing small communities and various would be vigilante groups. At this time, young Ashoka realized that he’s brothers were against him so when he was sent away by his father; he instead exiled himself to Kalinga where he’s greatest military conquest lay (Iloveindia.com, 2010). There he met a young maiden named Kaurwaki whom he got involved with but later abandoned. After two years in exile, Ashoka grudgingly returned to India where his father needed him to preside over a conflict in the Ujjain region. This conflict is what launched Ashoka’s devotion to Buddhism. While peace keeping, Ashoka was injured and fortunately secretly tended to by Buddhist priests who did not want the news of his injury to reach his vengeful brothers (Wold, 2010). During this period, he got to learn of ancient Buddhist teachings and va lues that helped cultivate his belief. In addition, he also met another young girl whom he married as his first wife. Years after, the conflict between the siblings climaxed when their father passed away in 268 BC leaving them battling for the emperorship. After two long years of gross violence, Ashoka finally emerged victorious to sit on the much coveted throne (Sahu, 2005). Legend has it that Ashoka killed most of his brother while most of the retreated to various parts of India. After eight years of devoted and vigilant governance, Ashoka decided to expand his empire by invading Kalinga and annexing it to India. According to Munshi (1968) this was after he had successfully imperialized the borders of Iran, Afghanistan, west Bangladesh and eastern Burma. In 286 BC, Ashoka led the Indian army into Kalinga. Regardless of Ashoka having sentimental ties to Kalinga, Kaurwaki in particular, he plunged into war head first sparing no one. The region of Kalinga though greatly betrayed and dismayed fought back bravely but ultimately lost the war (Sahu, 2005). The morning after, Ashoka visited the battle field to view the extent of his â€Å"victory† but he somewhat did not feel good about it. Seeing to houses burned to ashes and bodies lying everywhere, Ashoka was horror struck by the sight. At that moment in time, Ashoka had an epiphany where he began to be aware of and regret the horrors of his actions. Corpses lay scattered on the earth, orphaned children cried for their mother all over, widows grieved for their husbands, the Daya River ran red with blood and various temples and monuments were destroyed in the nasty brawl.

IKEA General international markets activity Essay

IKEA General international markets activity - Essay Example Hence, purpose of this essay is to understand marketing environment of Indonesian furniture industry and assume what can be plausible marketing strategy of IKEA to achieve competitive advantage over existing player in Indonesian furniture market. Understanding strategic dimension of international marketing mix of IKEA will help the study to predict viability of any marketing strategy of the company from international perspective. The study will also try to understand existing international marketing and strategic activities of the company in order to validate the proposed international marketing mix for IKEA in Indonesia. There are two major limitations are associate with this essay, 1- the researcher has used statistical data prior to recession in order to decrease the scope of outlier intervention in the growth projection and 2- the researcher has only relied on secondary data in order to prepare this report. Business Background of IKEA IKEA is renowned Dutch furniture retailer wit h Swedish origin and the company has established its presence over 30 countries across the globe. The company is headquartered at Delft, Netherlands and it was established by Ingvar Kamprad in the year 1943 (IKEA PS, 2012). The furniture retail giant has established its strong presence across 35 countries with the help of more than 300 retail outlets. According to report published by Euromonitor International (2009), IKEA is the biggest furnishing retailer in the world and earns annual revenue more than â‚ ¬20 billion from its worldwide operation. IKEA offers customized home furnishing solution, readymade furniture, and functional home furnishing products to customers. Scandinavian design and low price are the unique selling proposition (USP) of the Swedish furniture manufacturer (IKEA PS, 2012). Target customer of the company includes middle income families, couples, young people and students (IKEA, 2013a). According to report published by Euromonitor International (2009), IKEA targets those customers who are ready to participate actively in the sales cycle process, for example, self transporting the furniture parts, self-assembling different parts of the furniture etc. These customers are ready to engage in the service delivery matrix of IKEA in order to get quality furniture in affordable price. Business Operation of IKEA- International Context IKEA used centralized business model in order to maintain its international operations. International operation of the company is channelized and monitored by headquarter of the company whereas product development activities are monitored from Almhult, Sweden. According to IKEA (2011) has reported that, more than 600 million people across the world visit IKEA stores throughout the year whereas there are more than 700 million online visitors of the company website. IKEA maintain an international supplier base of more than 1000 in order to maintain its value chain operation. These suppliers belong to 55 different co untries and help

Write a short case study outlining the essence of the new proposed Assignment

Write a short case study outlining the essence of the new proposed business venture - Assignment Example In this regard, this business plan shall bring out the structure and design of the operation of this venture, complete with the financials. This plan has borrowed the operational structure and operating procedure from the business plan of Gordon Food Service, a healthcare food service provider. Gordon Food Service inspection for compliance with state and federal law on hygiene, controls the cost of food service, undertakes training on food services and food safety. The vision of the New York Food Truck company is to be the biggest food truck company in the city. The spread of this venture to other states will be considered upon its success in the state of New York. The mission is to be a reliable partner in providing healthy food services to the busy working population. In so doing, the company will be able to successfully provide healthy solutions and contribute to building a healthy society, while at the same time providing jobs to many unemployed persons. The New York Food Truck Company shall have one control point from where all orders and assignments shall be taken. It would take an approximate 10 trucks to be able to serve the entire city. Each truck shall have a driver and a sales person driving to places around the city with high traffic of people. Upon identifying a safe parking spot, the trucks will then be opened to sell food to the members of the public. Each truck will be fitted with food heating devices, and the food will be made from the kitchen at the premises. In order to ensure hygiene, the food shall be packed in treated containers that will only be unpacked at the point of sale. The company shall hire a chef to make the food with utmost professionalism. The food is meant to be highly nutritious, and so a nutritionist shall be consulted to work out the proportions of the food. The truck staff shall be trained on hygienic practices to ensure the food is not contaminated. In addition to that, there

VACUUM ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

VACUUM - Assignment Example were developed and used to meet the stringent demands on these semiconductor devices. However, the semiconductor films produced by these processes were not structurally equivalent t the bulk material and hence were not of device grade. The problem associated with vapor phase deposition processes was differential vapor pressure of different constituents. For example vapor pressure of Ga and As differs by as much as two orders of magnitude at temperatures useful for thin film deposition. Therefore, to achieve equal vapor pressure and hence equal flux of arrival of Ga and As on the substrate by thermal evaporation of separate As and Ga sources will require too stringent control on the temperature to be achieved [1]. Many research groups tried to overcome this limitation by innovative approaches. One remarkable approach by Collins et al [2] involved using two separate crucibles containing Ga and Sb to deposit films of GaSb onto a glass substrate by evaporating these substances. His basic idea was to exploit decrease in angular decrease in the flux and hence to place the substrate at an angular location with respect to the individual crucibles where the two atomic fluxes will be equal and hence a stoichiometric film will be produced. However, the films he could produce were polycrystalline. GÏ‹nter K. G. [3] tried to arrive at appropriate vapor ratio by control of the temperatures of the evaporating species and the substrate separately. However, he could also not produce quality ordered films. During those days (1960 s) it was not easy to characterize the condition of the substrate, the quality of the vacuum and the composition and crystallinity of the films. The researchers had to do electron-diffraction after growing the films and this was taking much longer. It was development of small mass spectrometers, auger electron spectroscopy and compact electron diffraction instruments which made it